• Document analysis sheet developed by the National Archives
• Photo analysis sheet developed by the National Archives
• Map of the Chilkoot and White Passes

Lesson Plan:

Introduction: Using primary sources in the classroom can help students develop and hone their historical inquiry and analytical abilities, and teach them to use documents and historical records to help support or refute a particular interpretation of an event. This lesson provides the teacher with some resources to help explain how primary resources can be used in the classroom. It also includes a straightforward lesson that engages students in the use of primary resources associated with the Klondike Gold Rush. Students will explore primary resources within a website developed by the Alaska Rich Mining Project Committee.

A good site that explains the rationale for using primary sources in the classroom, and how to develop classroom activities can be found at the following site: http://memory.loc.gov/learn/lessons/fw.html This site offers suggestions for using primary sources in the classroom, and a discussion on how historians use these sources to interpret the past. The teacher will also find information for designing effective primary-source-based lessons and activities.

Explain to the students that the Klondike Gold Rush was an important event in the history of Alaska. In the late 1800s, many people in the United States were in the grips of an economic "panic" and when word came back that gold had been discovered in the Klondike, many were all too eager, despite their inexperience, to strike out for the gold fields. Many who set out for the gold fields had no idea what to bring on the journey. Of the 100,000 who set out for the gold fields, less than half reached Dawson. This activity will help students understand a question many of the stampeders had to contend with, mainly what should they bring on a journey. Many miners had no idea what to expect, or what they would need once they arrived in Alaska. Most stampeders wound up in Dyea or Skagway to begin the 33-mile march up Chilkoot Pass, or White Pass, which was a shorter hike, to Lake Bennett. At Lake Bennett, the stampeders would then build a boat for the 500-mile trip down the Yukon to Dawson.

1. Begin the lesson by placing students in teams of two. Ask them to draw up a list of 20 essential items they would have to bring to survive one year as a Gold Rush stampeder. They should complete the top portion of the Miner's Checklist. They will have to make the arduous journey up Chilkoot Pass with a thousand or more pounds of supplies. Once across the pass, they will continue the march to Lake Bennett where they will have to build a boat for the final trip down the Yukon to Dawson. They will have to survive the rain, the mosquitoes, and temperatures that can dip to 50 or 60 below zero.
   
   
2. After the students have created their lists, tell them they will now investigate how closely their decision on what supplies to bring matches what was advised by a number of sources connected with the Klondike Gold Rush. Have the students go to the following website: http://www.library.state.ak.us/goldrush Click on the section titled "Traveling to the Gold Fields, "and then on the link titled "What do I need for a trip to the gold fields?" Ask the students to examine the following primary sources: Governor's letter 1886, J.C. Nichols' Oregon Herald newspaper article, Horace Fletcher Clark miners' manual, December 31, 1897 Skagway Newspaper article. Have the students complete the questions on the Miner's Checklist and discuss their answers with the class.
   
   
3. Point out to the students that they went through a process many historians follow when they examine history. Historians have certain ideas about an event based on their understanding of what took place, but by evaluating primary sources, they re-examine, and sometimes refine their understanding of an event (Activity and Question 2). They must also learn to detect "bias" in primary sources, or the motivation of those writing a document (Question 3). Finally, historians must learn how to select primary sources that can help shed light on the event they are studying (Question 4).

Alaska Standards:

History: C-2, C-3, C-4
AK History: AH. CPD 1, AH. CPD 2

Extension Activity:

See Gold Rush Guided Writing Activity

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